When programming in R there are two fundamental operations we perform on our data. We view some piece of the data, or we set some piece of the data to a particular value. These two operations are so fundamental that R comes with many pairs of view and set functions. A classic example would be names. Names can be viewed names(x) and set names(x) <- new_names. Lenses are an extension of the idea of view/set pairs, offering the following advantages:
set anything you can view)set/view nested data)In this document, we’ll see a few common data manipulation operations and how they can be improved with lenses.
Let’s take the iris data set for example, we want to perform some manipulations on it.
head(iris)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 3 4.7 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa
#> 4 4.6 3.1 1.5 0.2 setosa
#> 5 5.0 3.6 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 6 5.4 3.9 1.7 0.4 setosaWe’re curious about the value of the 3rd element of the Sepal.Length column. Using base R we can view it with:
iris$Sepal.Length[3]
#> [1] 4.7we can update (set) the value by assigning into it:
iris$Sepal.Length[3] <- 100
head(iris, 3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 3 100.0 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosaand we can perform some operation to update it:
iris$Sepal.Length[3] <- log(iris$Sepal.Length[3])This works well, however, there are some problems.
The first problem comes with having our view and set functions separate. Composing our operations isn’t easy, particularly when using pipes:
iris %>%
.$Sepal.Length %>%
`[<-`(3, 20)
#> [1] 5.1 4.9 20.0 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3
#> [15] 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.2
#> [29] 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 5.0 5.5 4.9 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.5
#> [43] 4.4 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.0 7.0 6.4 6.9 5.5 6.5 5.7
#> [57] 6.3 4.9 6.6 5.2 5.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.6 6.7 5.6 5.8 6.2 5.6
#> [71] 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.8 6.0
#> [85] 5.4 6.0 6.7 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.2
#> [99] 5.1 5.7 6.3 5.8 7.1 6.3 6.5 7.6 4.9 7.3 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.4
#> [113] 6.8 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.7 7.7 6.0 6.9 5.6 7.7 6.3 6.7 7.2
#> [127] 6.2 6.1 6.4 7.2 7.4 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.7 6.3 6.4 6.0 6.9
#> [141] 6.7 6.9 5.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.5 6.2 5.9Whoops, that’s not what we wanted. Here we see Sepal.Length with the third element replaced, but where did the rest of iris go! So we lose information when we pipe from a view to a set.
R’s set/view pairs also can’t be composed with function compostion:
`[<-`(`$`(iris, `Sepal.Length`), 3, 20)
#> [1] 5.1 4.9 20.0 4.6 5.0 5.4 4.6 5.0 4.4 4.9 5.4 4.8 4.8 4.3
#> [15] 5.8 5.7 5.4 5.1 5.7 5.1 5.4 5.1 4.6 5.1 4.8 5.0 5.0 5.2
#> [29] 5.2 4.7 4.8 5.4 5.2 5.5 4.9 5.0 5.5 4.9 4.4 5.1 5.0 4.5
#> [43] 4.4 5.0 5.1 4.8 5.1 4.6 5.3 5.0 7.0 6.4 6.9 5.5 6.5 5.7
#> [57] 6.3 4.9 6.6 5.2 5.0 5.9 6.0 6.1 5.6 6.7 5.6 5.8 6.2 5.6
#> [71] 5.9 6.1 6.3 6.1 6.4 6.6 6.8 6.7 6.0 5.7 5.5 5.5 5.8 6.0
#> [85] 5.4 6.0 6.7 6.3 5.6 5.5 5.5 6.1 5.8 5.0 5.6 5.7 5.7 6.2
#> [99] 5.1 5.7 6.3 5.8 7.1 6.3 6.5 7.6 4.9 7.3 6.7 7.2 6.5 6.4
#> [113] 6.8 5.7 5.8 6.4 6.5 7.7 7.7 6.0 6.9 5.6 7.7 6.3 6.7 7.2
#> [127] 6.2 6.1 6.4 7.2 7.4 7.9 6.4 6.3 6.1 7.7 6.3 6.4 6.0 6.9
#> [141] 6.7 6.9 5.8 6.8 6.7 6.7 6.3 6.5 6.2 5.9still not what we want. It has the same problem above.
This is a failure of “bidirectionality”, once you’ve chosen to use a view function, or a set function, you are locked into that direction.
Lack of composability and bidirectionality means that you frequently have to duplicate your code. For example, if you want to apply an operation to the third element of “Sepal.Length”, you need to specify the chain of accessors twice, once in view mode, and once in set mode, making your code messy and cumbersome:
iris$Sepal.Length[3] <- iris$Sepal.Length[3] * 2
head(iris, 3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.10000 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 2 4.90000 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 3 9.21034 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosaWe can fix both of these problems by using lenses.
Lenses give you all the power of R’s view and set functions plus the advantages noted above. Especially important are the composition and bidirectionality features. Each lens can be used with the view, and set functions.
Let’s revisit the operations we performed above using lenses.
The first thing we will do is construct a lens into the third element of the Sepal.Length component of a structure:
In the above code we’re creating two lenses, one into Sepal.Length and another into element 3, using the index function. We’re then composing these two lenses with %.% producing a new lens into our element of interest.
Note that this lens has no idea we’re going to apply it to iris. Lenses are constructed without knowing what data they will be applied to.
Now that we have a lens into the third element of Sepal.Length, we can examine the appropriate element of the iris dataset with the view function:
iris %>% view(sepal_length3)
#> [1] 9.21034We can update this element with the set function:
iris %>% set(sepal_length3, 50) %>% head(3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.1 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 2 4.9 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 3 50.0 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosaAnd we can apply a function to change the data. To do this we can apply a function over the lens:
iris %>% over(sepal_length3, log) %>% head(3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.100000 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 2 4.900000 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa
#> 3 2.220327 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosaNote that we never had to respecify what subpart we wanted, the lens kept track for us. We saw that the same lens can be used to both view and set, and that they can be composed easily with %.%.
Now you have seen the main lens verbs and operations
view: see the subpart of an object a lens is focussed on.set: set the subpart to a particular value, then return the whole object with the subpart updated.over: apply a function to the subpart, then return the whole object with the subpart updated.%.%: compose two lenses to focus on a subpart of a subpart.Now if all lenses had to offer was more composable indexing of vectors, you might not be interested in integrating them into your workflows. But lenses can do a lot more than just pick and set elements in vectors.
For example, this package provides lens-ified version of dplyr::select. Unlike select, select_l is bidirectional. This means you can set the results of your selection.
let’s select columns between Sepal.Width and Petal.Width and increment them by 10:
iris %>%
over(select_l(Sepal.Width:Petal.Width)
, ~ . + 10
) %>%
head(3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species
#> 1 5.10000 13.5 11.4 10.2 setosa
#> 2 4.90000 13.0 11.4 10.2 setosa
#> 3 9.21034 13.2 11.3 10.2 setosaNot only does select_l create the appropriate lens for you with dplyr::select style column references, but over allows us to declare anonymous functions like in purrr.
At this point I can imagine you saying, all this is very clear, but what good is it, I have mutate. Well that is a good point. It is hard to beat the convenience of mutate. However, select_l has an advantage, it can be used on any named object:
You can use it with vectors, lists, data.frames, etc.
If select_l isn’t enticing enough, have you ever wanted to set or modify the results of a filter? This is not super easy to do in the dplyr universe. But our lensified filter, filter_l does this with ease.
Let’s set all “Sepal” columns where the row number is less than three to zero. And for fun let’s also change the column names to all upper case:
library(dplyr)
iris %>%
mutate(row_num = seq_len(n())) %>%
set(filter_l(row_num < 3) %.%
select_l(matches("Sepal"))
, 0) %>%
over(names_l, toupper) %>%
head(3)
#> SEPAL.LENGTH SEPAL.WIDTH PETAL.LENGTH PETAL.WIDTH SPECIES ROW_NUM
#> 1 0.00000 0.0 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 2 0.00000 0.0 1.4 0.2 setosa 2
#> 3 9.21034 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa 3You can even use mutate over your filter_l
iris %>%
mutate(row_num = seq_len(n())) %>%
over(filter_l(row_num < 3)
, ~ mutate(., Sepal.Length = 0)) %>%
head(3)
#> Sepal.Length Sepal.Width Petal.Length Petal.Width Species row_num
#> 1 0.00000 3.5 1.4 0.2 setosa 1
#> 2 0.00000 3.0 1.4 0.2 setosa 2
#> 3 9.21034 3.2 1.3 0.2 setosa 3As you can see, lenses can be smoothly integrated into your tidyverse workflows, as well as your base R workflows. Giving you the powers of compositionality and bidirectionality to improve your code.
Frequently we end up in situations where we want to modify each element of a nested object. This is especially cumbersome without lenses. Let’s imagine our data lives inside a larger structure. And additionally that it isn’t a nice data frame, but a list.
packed_iris <- list(as.list(iris))
packed_iris %>% str(2)
#> List of 1
#> $ :List of 5
#> ..$ Sepal.Length: num [1:150] 5.1 4.9 9.21 4.6 5 ...
#> ..$ Sepal.Width : num [1:150] 3.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Length: num [1:150] 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Width : num [1:150] 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
#> ..$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...say I want to add 10 to the first element of each column between Sepal.Length and Petal.Width. Base R I might do something like:
els_of_interest <-
grep("Sepal|Petal", names(packed_iris[[1]]), value = TRUE)
packed_iris[[1]][1:4] <-
lapply(packed_iris[[1]][1:4]
, function(x){ x[1] <- x[1] + 10; x })
str(packed_iris, 2)
#> List of 1
#> $ :List of 5
#> ..$ Sepal.Length: num [1:150] 15.1 4.9 9.21 4.6 5 ...
#> ..$ Sepal.Width : num [1:150] 13.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Length: num [1:150] 11.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Width : num [1:150] 10.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
#> ..$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...pretty ugly right?
To do this with lenses we can use the map_l function to promote a lens to apply to each element of a list.
els_l <-
index(1) %.%
select_l(Sepal.Length:Petal.Width) %.%
map_l(index(1))
over_map(packed_iris, els_l, ~ . + 10) %>%
str(2)
#> List of 1
#> $ :List of 5
#> ..$ Sepal.Length: num [1:150] 25.1 4.9 9.21 4.6 5 ...
#> ..$ Sepal.Width : num [1:150] 23.5 3 3.2 3.1 3.6 3.9 3.4 3.4 2.9 3.1 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Length: num [1:150] 21.4 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.7 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.5 ...
#> ..$ Petal.Width : num [1:150] 20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 ...
#> ..$ Species : Factor w/ 3 levels "setosa","versicolor",..: 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ...Here we use the over_map function to apply a function to each element, you could equivalently use over with lapply as well. As you can see setting and applying functions to multiple elements of nested data is dramatically improved by using lenses.
You can make a lens from scratch (!) by passing view and set functions to the lens constructor:
first_l <- lens(view = function(d) d[[1]],
set = function(d, x) { d[[1]] <- x; d })As you can see, the view function must accept an element of data, while the set function must accept such an element as well as the new value of the subpart, and return the new data in its entirety - thus achieving composability - without modifying the original.
In order to avoid unpleasant surprises or inconsistencies for users, an author of a lens (via lens) should ensure it obeys the following rules (the “Lenz laws”, here paraphrased from a Haskell lens tutorial):
view some data with a lens, and then set the data with that value, you get the input data back.set a value with a lens, then view that value with the same lens, you get back what you put in.set a value into some data with a lens, and then set another value with the same lens, it’s the same as only doing the second set.“Lenses” which do not satisfy these properties should be documented accordingly. By convention, the few such specimens in this library are suffixed by “_il" (“illegal lens”). See the package reference for more.
As you can see from the lens constructor, knowing how to implement view and set for a lens turns out to be sufficient to implement the other verbs such as over and - most importantly - lens composition (%.%).
In our implementation, lenses are trivial. They simply store the provided functions. A lens under the hood is a two element list with an element view and an element set.
There is nothing particularly new about the lenses appearing here. For a fairly comprehensive (and highly technical) history of lenses, see links here and this blog post .
Thanks to Leigh Spencer Noakes, Zsu Lindenmaier, and Lily Qiu for reading drafts of this document and providing very helpful feedback.